ULTRASOUND PRE-TREATMENT OFFERS BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY FOR SOY PROCESSINGResearchers at Iowa State University have developed an ultrasonic pre-treatment for soybean protein processing that improves yield of isolated soy protein by 46 percent. The treatment, which works by exposing defatted soy flakes and cold water to ultrasonics, breaks the bonds that tie the sugars to the proteins, thereby improving the quality of the protein and increasing the sugar content of the soy whey by-product. According to the researchers, the low-cost, sugar-enriched whey can replace an expensive compound used to grow lactic acid bacteria which produce nisin, a valuable natural food preservative that is used in cosmetic and health care products such as mouthwash and toothpaste. "I think this is commercially viable," says Samir Khanal, assistant professor of civil, construction and environmental engineering at Iowa State. The technology has boosted protein and sugar release in laboratory-scale batch tests and the research team will now test the process in a continuous flow as would be used in a soy processing plant. "Our preliminary economic analysis showed that the proposed technology could generate revenue up to $230 million per year from a typical plant producing 400 million pounds (180,000 tonnes) of soy protein isolate." The research team at Iowa State University led by Khanal includes Hans van Leeuwen, professor of civil, construction and environmental engineering; David Grewell, assistant professor of agricultural and biosystems engineering; Stephanie Jung, assistant professor of food science and human nutrition; and Buddhi Lamsal, a senior scientist from Kansas State University in Manhattan.
ROASTED SOYBEANS CAN EFFECTIVELY INCREASE THE CLA CONTENT OF MILKFeeding 4 kg/day of raw or roasted soybeans to dairy cows increased the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3) in milk compared to the control treatment without soybeans. However, feeding roasted soybeans doubled the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk compared to the control. Feeding raw soybeans has little or no effect on the CLA content of milk fat because polyunsaturated fatty acids in the whole soybeans are relatively unavailable to the rumen microbes for bio-hydrogenation. When raw soybeans, however, are processed by grinding, roasting, micronizing, flaking, or extruding, these processed soybeans effectively increase the CLA content in milk. This data was provided to delegates at the 22nd Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference held in Tempe, Arizona on February 22-23, 2007 in a paper by T. R. Dhiman and A. L. Ure from Utah State University on “Feeding Strategies to Improve Nutritional Quality of Dairy and Beef.” Feeding soybean oil at 2 or 4 percent of the dietary dry matter to dairy cows increased the proportions of CLA in milk compared to the control. Increasing the soybean oil level in the diet to 4 percent reduced the milk fat content and resulted in lower CLA yield/day. Under similar feeding conditions, oils rich in linoleic acid were more effective in enhancing CLA and C18:1 trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) in milk fat than oils containing linolenic acid. The effects of mixing linoleic and linolenic acids (50:50) on enhancing VA and CLA were additive, but not greater than when fed separately. CLA/VA-enriched dairy products are believed to have potential health benefits for consumers in terms of protection from both cancer and atherosclerosis. The authors say that the “ideal” milk fat for human health has been defined as <10% polyunsaturated fatty acids, <8% saturated fatty acids and >82% monounsaturated fatty acids. Producing milk on the farm with an “ideal” fat profile may be unrealistic, however, because milk with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids will be prone to oxidation, negatively affecting manufacturing characteristics. Nonetheless, it is possible to increase the proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk through dietary manipulations and management practices on the farm. The proportions of different fatty acids in milk will vary with the animal’s diet, amount and composition of dietary fat, genetics, stage of lactation, and season.
CALCIUM SALTS OF PALM AND FISH OIL WITH EXTRUDED FULL-FAT SOYBEANS OR SOYBEAN OIL ENRICH DAIRY PRODUCTS WITH CLAResearchers at Utah State University used twenty cows in a six-week experiment to determine the influence of feeding partial ruminally inert calcium (Ca) salts of palm and fish oil (Ca-PFO), alone or in combination with extruded fullfat soybeans or soybean oil, on milk fatty acid methyl esters composition and the subsequent consumer acceptability of milk and Cheddar cheese.Cows were fed either a diet containing 44 percent forage and 56 percent concentrate (control) or a diet supplemented with 2.7 percent Ca-PFO (FO), 5 percent extruded full-fat soybeans + 2.7 percent Ca-PFO (FOESM), or 0.75 percent soybean oil + 2.7 percent Ca-PFO (FOSO). Total dietary fatty acid content in the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO diets were 4.61, 6.28, 6.77, and 6.62 g/100 g, respectively. There was no difference in nutrient intake, milk yield, or milk composition among the treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C[18:2] cis-9, trans-11 isomer, C[18:1] trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA), and total n-3 fatty acids in milk from cows on the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO treatments were 0.56, 1.20, 1.36, and 1.74; 3.29, 4.66, 6.34, and 7.81; 0.62, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.67 g/100 g of fatty acids, respectively. Concentrations of CLA, VA, and total n-3 fatty acids in cheese were similar to milk. A trained sensory panel detected no difference in flavors of milk and cheese, except for acid flavor below a slightly perceptible level in cheese from all treatments. The results suggest that feeding Ca-PFO alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil enhanced the CLA, VA, total unsaturated and n-3 fatty acids in milk and cheese without negatively affecting either cow performance or consumer acceptability characteristics of the milk and cheese. Allred S. L.; Dhiman T. R.; Brennand C. P.; Khanal R. C.; Mcmahon D. J.; Luchini N. D. Milk and cheese from cows fed calcium salts of palm and fish oil alone or in combination with soybean products. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, vol. 89, no1, pp. 234-248.
GM PEAS WITH E.COLI ANTIBODIES EXPECTED IN 2010Since the EU ban on the use of antibiotics in feed to promote growth or as a standard prophylaxis against infectious diseases, the feed industry has been searching for new ways to protect animals from infectious diseases. Novoplant, a plant biotechnology company founded in 1998 and located near the Leibnitz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) in Gatersleben, Germany, focuses on preventing gastro-intestinal disorders caused by viruses and microbial pathogens. The company aims to give feed crops the ability to produce antibodies against certain infectious diseases, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or coccidia. Novoplant has developed four different genetically-modified (GM) pea lines that each produces specific antibodies for a particular disease. According to Novoplant’s managing director, Dieter Falkenburg, the first of these new feed additives should be ready for market in 2010. The furthest advanced are the GM peas for which Novoplant has now applied for deliberate release authorization. A complex gene construct consisting of several elements has been introduced into the peas so that they produce single-chain antibodies. These bind to a particular site on the surface of Escherichia coli bacteria, which trigger intestinal infections in pigs. The antibodies are produced only in the seeds and not in the rest of the plant. The antibodies present in the peas have the effect of a ‘passive inoculation’ and supplement the animals’ own immune system.
FIRST GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON GMO ANALYSISGrowing global deployment of genetically modified (GM) crops in agricultural production and trade has led to increasing complexity in identity preservation operations of agricultural supply chains within progressively more complex and evolving market demands. This conference – to be held on 24-27 June 2008 at Como, Italy - aims to address the science and technology underpinning GMO control and analysis by bringing together international experts willing to share knowledge and participate in promoting scientific dialogue. The topics to be covered will include:
Further details will be available in due course on the conference website http://gmoglobalconference.jrc.it/
EXTRUSION CONDITIONS OF SOYBEAN MEAL FOR RAINBOW TROUTResearchers Frederic Barrows from the USDA/ARS Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station and David Stone and Ronald Hardy from the University of Idaho report on the effects of extrusion conditions on the nutritional value of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the latest issue of the journal Aquaculture. Their study was conducted to determine the effects of extrusion cooking, the primary method of aqua feed production, on the nutritional value of fish meal and soybean meal based diets. Pre-cooking (+ or −), time in the extruder barrel (18 or 37 seconds) and extruder temperature (93 or 127 °C) were the fixed parameters in this trial, with these conditions chosen to achieve both under and overcooking of the soy protein. A twin-screw Buhler, DNDL-44 extruder was used to produce eight experimental diets and each was fed to triplicate groups of 40 g trout for 84 days. Trypsin inhibitor levels (TIU), protein dispersibility index (PDI), nitrogen solubility index (NSI), and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, organic matter, lipid, energy and carbohydrate were measured for each diet. Commercially purchased, solvent extracted SBM contained 5100 TIU/g, and after pre-cooking through the extruder with barrel temperatures of 127 °C for 17 seconds, contained 2300 TIU/g. The diets contained less than the detectable limit of 2000 TIU/g, probably due to a combination of dilution and processing effects. PDI values of the diets suggested that pre-cooking solvent extracted soybean meal decreased protein value, but neither PDI nor NSI values were correlated to weight gain. There was no significant effect of pre-cooking or extruder temperature on feed intake or weight gain, although dwell time in the extruder barrel significantly affected feed intake and weight gain - longer extrusion time significantly decreased feed intake and weight gain. Higher temperature in the extruder barrel significantly improved FCR. Pre-cooking solvent extracted soybean meal before inclusion in the diet significantly improved the ADC for organic matter, energy, and carbohydrates. The researchers conclude that these results demonstrate the importance of extruder processing conditions on fish performance and indicate that high temperature (127 °C) and short time in the extruder barrel gives the greatest weight gain in rainbow trout. Frederic T. Barrows, David A.J. Stone and Ronald W. Hardy. The effects of extrusion conditions on the nutritional value of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, Vol 265, Issues 1-4, 1 May 2007, Pages 244-252.
SALMON ON PLANT PROTEIN DIETS REQUIRE 30 PERCENT MORE LYSINEFarmed salmon need 30 percent more lysine than previously thought and salmon which do not get enough lysine have more fat than salmon which receive adequate lysine, says NIFES, the Norwegian National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research. In response to the trend to replace more than 50 percent of the fishmeal in salmon diets with plant proteins, NIFES has developed a feed that can be used to study whether feed with high levels of plant protein cover the salmon’s need for essential amino acids. “Fishmeal contains an optimal balance of the essential amino acids, while a plant protein raw material does not. A fish feed with high levels of plant proteins may result in a fish feed that does not contain enough essential amino acids. This may influence fish health and growth”, says Marit Espe, researcher in the Aquaculture Nutrition Group at NIFES. Atlantic salmon in seawater with a starting weight of 300 grams was fed six different feeds. The fish meal was totally or partially replaced with plant proteins (wheat, gluten and corn). The feed with 5 % fishmeal, 5 % hydrolyzed fish protein and 3 % squid hydrolysate was best suited for studying amino acid metabolism in salmon. The test feed had an amino acid profile similar to the control feed, but with the possibility of varying the levels of a desired amino acid. Farmed salmon weighing 600 grams were fed the test feed, which in this case contained from very low to very high levels of lysine. “The results showed that salmon which received inadequate levels of lysine deposited less protein and were fattier than salmon receiving enough lysine. The weights of fish fed on two different feeds were similar”, says Espe. “The test feed showed that Atlantic salmon weighing 600-1100 grams actually need 30 % more lysine than what is recommended today.” The test feed can also be used to study farmed salmon’s need for other essential amino acids, when the feed composition is changed to include a large proportion of plant proteins.
ORGANIC FEED MARKET GROWS BUT INGREDIENTS LACKING IN UNITED KINGDOMShortages of organic feed ingredients have been predicted for several years in the United Kingdom. Over the last 10 years, the number of organic livestock enterprises in Britain has grown faster than organic arable production. As a result, organic livestock producers have to rely on imports, particularly from other EU countries. Drought conditions in some parts of Britain led to forage shortages now affecting organic dairy farms. Several factors have now combined in early 2007 to create severe shortages of organic feed ingredients. Despite record high prices, United Kingdom demand for organic feed, especially organic poultry feed, is continuing to grow, says Graham Loveday, organic sales manager for Marriages, a flour and feed miller which sells 20 percent of its feed to organic producers. Europe’s poor grain harvest last summer, together with stricter EU standards, have raised prices for organic cereals to new levels, with wheat selling at up to £280 ($550) per ton. The EU requires the organic content of animal feed to increase from 80 to 85 per cent, and 95 per cent for organic ruminant feed. “The biggest demand for organic feed is from poultry producers responding to the growing popularity of organic chicken and turkey with consumers,” says Mr Loveday. “But we are also seeing significant growth, too, in our sales to small farms producing beef, pork, lamb and eggs for farmers markets and sales direct from the farm. We are concerned at the current supply situation and the prospects for the year ahead as the consumer demand for organic food increases. For a number of years we have been encouraging UK farmers to produce more organic grain, and we do purchase an increasing proportion of our needs locally. But like other compounders, we also rely on imports and although Kazakhstan has now released another 40,000 tonnes of organic wheat, the supply situation remains tight at least until harvest.” In the U.S., the organic industry overall is growing at the rate of 15-20% per year, according to Simmons Grain Company in Salem, Ohio, as livestock producers are becoming increasingly aware of the benefits of organic production and the premiums for organic products and consumer demand is growing. Simmons processes around 27,000 tonnes of organic soybean meal per year. Some soybean farmers in the northern U.S. and Canada are attracted by the opportunity to obtain $18-20 per bushel ($ 660 – 735 per ton) for food-grade organic soybeans. Organic feed grade (such as stained) soybeans fetched $12-15 per bushel last year. Organic soybeans frequently average over 30 bushels per acre (2 tonnes /ha) and revenues for organic soybeans can be over $500 per acre for a successful organic soybean crop.
GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TO REACH ALMOST 8 MILLION TONNES IN 2007Global bio-diesel production is forecast to increase by 46 percent in 2007 to reach 7.9 million tonnes (5.4 million tonnes produced in 2006 and 3.0 million tonnes in 2005). European production is expected to reach 4.72 million tonnes, up 19 percent from 2006. U.S. production capacity is forecast at 2.5 million tonnes in 2007, compared to 775,000 tonnes in 2006, with 105 plants now in production and 77 more under construction. Meanwhile, Bunge has said that Europe’s 10 percent biofuels inclusion rate in all road transport fuels in all member states by 2020, decided by the European Council in March this year, is ‘unrealistic’. Bunge’s Bernd Koelln said that this obligation would create additional demand for 45 million tonnes of grain and 38 million tonnes of oilseeds. The E.U. currently has a grain surplus of about 20 million tonnes, but this still means that Europe will have to shift from being a net exporter to a net importer, at a time when grain exporting nations are developing their own biofuels industries. Brazil will introduce an obligatory 2 percent bio-diesel content in diesel fuel in January 2008, increasing to 5 percent by 2013, although this obligation may be brought forward to 2010.
GLOBAL SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AND STOCKS INCREASEIn its April supply and demand report, USDA increased its estimate for this year’s Brazilian soybean crop to a record 58.8 million tons (in March, USDA estimated 57 million tonnes). The forecast for Argentina's soybean crop was also raised to 45.5 million tonnes. Global oilseed end-of-season stocks, a key price determinant, were raised to 67.4 million tonnes, with U.S. soybean stocks also increased to 16.7 million tonnes. USDA now projects global oilseed production for 2006-07 at a record 402.9 million tons, up 3.7 million tons from last month, with soybean production accounting for almost all of the increase. The forecast of higher production in Brazil is based on higher yields, especially in the southern states. Soybean production is also expected to increase in Paraguay thanks to the prospect of excellent yields. The U.S. season-average soybean price range for 2006-07 is forecast at $6.10 to $6.50 per bushel ($224-239 per ton), the average U.S. soybean meal price is projected at $209 to $220 per ton and soybean oil prices are expected to average $649 per ton this season. Meanwhile, the Brazilian Vegetable Oils Industry Association (ABIOVE) estimates this year’s Brazilian soybean crop at 58.9 million tonnes. The association forecasts that in 2007-08, 29.8 million tonnes of soybeans will be processed in Brazil, yielding 22.8 million tonnes of soybean meal and 5.65 million tonnes of oil. Local consumption of soybean meal is estimated at 10.2 million tonnes and soybean oil at 3.6 million tonnes. |
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