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FERMENTED SOY PROTEIN IN PIGLET DIETS Fermentation of soybean meal may offer an opportunity to improve performance of piglets and partially replace fishmeal and milk protein in starter diets for piglets. Researchers at Kangwon National University in South Korea studied the effect of a microbial-fermented soy protein (FSP) on piglet performance. Using the fermented soybean product trade named Pepsoygen®, produced by Genebiotech Co. Ltd, a Korean company, they fed weaned piglets three different levels of FSP. A total of 240 piglets aged around 22 days and weighing on average 5.16 kg, were allotted to 4 treatment diets comprising control, FSP 3%, FSP 6% and FSP 9%. The control diet contained 15 percent soybean meal (SBM) which was replaced with 3, 6 and 9 percent with FSP with corresponding reductions in soybean meal. All diets contained whey powder and fishmeal and were fed from 0 to 14 days (phase-I) after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 days (phase-II). There was a linear increase in daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (ADFI) during both phases. The feed to gain ratio also improved, showing a linear trend as the level of supplementation increased. Except for phosphorus, the digestibility of all other nutrients also improved linearly in the FSP diets. Villous height and crypt depth, however, were not affected by dietary treatments. No special effect on intestinal morphology was noticed between the FSP and control diets. Images from electron microscope show the villi structures were “prominent, straight, finger- like, though shortened and densely located in FSP fed groups as compared with SBM. The luminal surfaces of the villi in each FSP group were smoother and these were in close association. The photographs showed shortened villi, but the villous tips were neither eroded in any of the groups nor showed any effects of atrophy. The villi in SBM group looked flattened with a broad diameter.” The researchers concluded that growth, digestibility of nutrients and morphological changes in weaned pigs fed FSP showed improved performance at higher levels of supplementation. Y. G. Kim, J. D. Lohakare, J. H. Yun, S. Heo and B. J. Chae. Effect of Feeding Levels of Microbial Fermented Soy Protein on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Piglets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 20, No. 3 : 399 – 404, March 2007.
FERMENTED SOYBEAN MEAL IN BROILER DIETS Dried soybean meal was soaked with distilled water for 60 minutes and then cooked in a steam tank at 60 to 70°C for 1 hour. The cooked soybean meal was cooled to room temperature and inoculated with 0.3% Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 provided by the Microbial Institute of Zhejiang Province, mixed and fermented in an incubator for 48 hours. Fresh fermented samples were dried in a hot-air oven at 80°C for 3 days. The dried samples were ground and kept at room temperature until mixed in the diets. Three hundred and twenty day-old Ross male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments for a 6-week feeding trial, including 0- to 21-day and 21- to 42-day periods. At the end of each stage, eight broilers from each treatment were culled and pancreas, small intestine digesta, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum segments were collected for digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology evaluation. Results showed that replacing soybean meal with FSBM in the diet significantly increased the activity of trypsin, lipase, and protease in starter broilers and enhanced protease activity in grower broilers. Amylase activity was not affected in either both feeding period. Broilers fed with FSBM had lower pancreatic trypsin activity in the starter phase, compared with the control. There were no significant differences in lipase, amylase, and protease activity between the treatments in both phases. Increased villus height and decreased crypt depth of jejunum mucosa were observed throughout the whole growth period in broilers fed FSBM. Duodenal villus height of starter chicks was also significantly increased. The researchers say that FSBM has more beneficial effects on the digestive enzyme activity and intestinal morphology of starter rather than grower broilers, which may be because younger birds are more susceptible to the effects of the anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal. They conclude from this study that fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae can improve the nutritional value of soybean meal and decrease or even overcome the negative effects of soybean meal’s anti-nutritional factors. J. Feng, X. Liu, Z. R. Xu, Y. Z. Wang and J. X. Liu. Effects of Fermented Soybean Meal on Digestive Enzyme Activities and Intestinal Morphology in Broilers. Poult Sci 86(6): 1149-1154 2007.
OPTIMAL SOYBEAN MEAL LEVEL IN WHITE SHRIMP DIETS In shrimp diets replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal continuous to increase. Research work in Central America indicates that 76.5 percent is the optimal level of soybean meal substitution for fishmeal in diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. In order to find the optimum level of soybean meal replacement for fishmeal, the team of researchers used juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (0.35±0.01 g) and five diets with 46%, 59%, 75%, 88% and 100% substitution levels. They found that pellet water stability was significantly affected by dietary soybean meal content. Increasing the level of soybean meal in the diet produced lower pellet stability, ranging from a dry matter loss of 14–22 percent after 2-hours immersion and 20–33 percent after 8-hours immersion. After 52 days, significant differences were found in shrimp weight, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The values for the three measurements were 0.64–1.06 grams, 2.8–7.9 and 0.45–1.21 respectively. Better results were obtained with diets where soybean meal substituted up to 75 percent of the fishmeal. The 100 percent soybean meal diet resulted in poor growth performance. Survival rates were acceptable for all treatments (90% or higher) and no significant differences were found in survival between the treatments. The researchers say that regression analysis indicates that 76.5±2% is an optimum soybean substitution level in diets that contain fishmeal and soybean meal as the major protein sources for grow-out of juvenile white shrimp. Josefa Susana Alvarez, Alfredo Hernández-Llamas, José Galindo, Iliana Fraga, Tsai García, Humberto Villarreal (2007). Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. Aquaculture Research 38 (7), 689–695.
LOWER CRUDE PROTEIN LEVELS IN CORN – SOYBEAN DIETS FOR BROILERS IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT SACRIFICING PERFORMANCE In many regions of the world limits on environmental pollution will make lower protein diets for poultry a necessity. Lowering crude protein levels in corn-soybean meal diets for broilers is possible and can be achieved by maintaining performance. That such lower crude protein diets do not need to lead to lower performance was again demonstrated by researchers at the LSU Agricultural Center in a series of experiments where male Ross broilers were fed corn-soybean meal diets from 0 to 18 days with 1.26 % total lysine and a ratio of TSAA and threonine to lysine of 0.7. In the experiments a positive control was included that contained 22.5 % crude protein and synthetic glycine to bring total glycine + serine levels to 2.32 %. Previous research has shown that this level is necessary to achieve maximum performance on low protein diets. Diets were iso-energetic at 2300 kcal ME/kg. In all 3 experiments incremental amounts of lysine were added to the control diets thus allowing for a step-wise decrease in crude protein to a maximum of 17. 5 %. In addition to role of synthetic amino acids in low protein diets this research emphasizes the value of higher digestible lysine levels in soybean meal where and when reduction in N excretion is necessary in order to maintain existing levels of production. A. Waguespack, S. Powell, T. Bidner, and L. Southern - School of Animal Sciences, LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. The Effect of Incremental Levels of L-Lysine HCl in Low Crude Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diets on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks Feedinfo News Service - www.feedinfo.com; 27/04/2007.
TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN MEAL DOUBLES THE AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS FOR DAIRY COWS Production of quality milk depends greatly on a regular and predictable supply of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and digestible amino acids. Various forms of treated soybean meal continue to be the most studied and reliable ingredients in supplying RUP but data on intestinal digestibility of amino acids in different types of SBM are limited. Research at McGill University in Canada provides additional information on the availability of individual amino acids for different types of SBM and demonstrates the important effect of different technological treatment methods. Four types of soybean meal (solvent extracted, expeller, lignosulfonate treated, and heat treated) were tested for in situ rumen degradability and availability of individual amino acids from the small intestine of cows. Intestinal digestibility was measured in vitro and with the use of the mobile dacron bag technique. Expelling or treating SBM decreased rumen degradability of crude protein and amino acids by more than 20 % relative to the solvent extracted control. Differences among expelled and treated treated soybean meals were small or non-existent. Expelling or treating SBM did result in statistically significant improvements in intestinal digestibility of amino acids but these differences were numerically small and too low to be of biological relevance. The estimates of amino acid availability was on average 30 % higher for expelled or treated SBM products compared to solvent extracted SBM. There were no statistically significant differences among the expelled and treated soybean meals in availability of amino acids. The results of these experiments confirm earlier observations that treatment of SBM protects crude protein and essential amino acids from ruminal degradation. In this case, expelling or treatment increased rumen undegradable protein and amino acids from 42 to 68%. Expelling or treating of solvent extracted SBM almost doubles the availability of amino acids leading to an additional availability of at least 30 % for each amino acid.. This research substantiates further that correctly treated soybean meal is an excellent source of some of the first limiting amino acids for milk production. S. I. Borucki Castro, L. E. Phillip, H. Lapierre, P. W. Jardon, and R. Berthiaume (2007). Ruminal Degradability and Intestinal Digestibility of Protein and Amino Acids in Treated Soybean Meal Products. J. Dairy Sci. 90:810–822.
U.S. SOYBEAN PRODUCTION DOWN, CORN UP, FORECASTS USDA USDA is currently forecasting this year’s U.S. soybean crop at just under 75 million tonnes, almost 14 percent down on last year’s crop of 87 million tonnes. In contrast, this year’s corn crop is projected to be 18 percent higher than last year. The use of corn for ethanol is expected to rise by almost 60 percent next year, whereas feed use and exports of corn are forecast to decline. USDA is predicting that ethanol use of corn will surpass U.S. exports of corn for the first time in history. Despite limited horizons for expanding U.S. domestic use or exports of soybean meal, soybean oil use for biodiesel is expanding rapidly. In the U.S., soybean oil consumption is expected to increase by 6 percent next year, with all the increase stemming from biodiesel, which is projected to use 19 percent of total U.S. soybean oil production in 2007/08 (13 percent in 2006/07). The U.S. season-average soybean price for 2007/08 is currently projected at $6.50 - 7.50 per bushel, compared with $6.30 per bushel in 2006/07. Prices are expected to remain firm due to strong corn and soybean oil prices. Next year’s average U.S. soybean meal prices are forecast in the range of $204-237 per metric tonne. Meanwhile, soybean rust has been detected on kudzu in Louisiana. Although the incidence is low, the fact that the disease has appeared two months earlier than usual is alarming. Soybean rust is capable of causing severe yield loss through premature defoliation and requires expensive treatment with fungicides. Even with a smaller U.S. soybean crop, stocks remain exceptionally high. USDA estimates global oilseed ending stocks for 2006/07 at over 68 million tons, with soybean stocks in Brazil and Argentina at a record 38 million tons. Although China’s soybean imports this year are estimated to be 30 million tonnes, and global soybean meal consumption is growing at 4.5 percent each year, soybean supply continues to stay ahead of demand.
IMCOPA AND PARTNERS UPBEAT ABOUT FUTURE OF BRAZIL’S NON-GM SOY 45-50 percent of Brazil’s soybean crop this year is genetically modified, but that still leaves a supply of some 28 million tonnes of non-GM soybeans, Jochen Koester, representative of Brazilian crusher Imcopa told the European Conference on GMO-free Regions, Biodiversity and Rural Development, which took place on April 19-20 in Brussels, Belgium. Imcopa, the third largest crusher in Brazil with five plants processing some 2.5 million tonnes, expects the production of GM soybeans will continue to expand in Brazil. Nevertheless, crushers of GM-free soybeans will be able to retain their supplier-growers if they pay them adequate premia, which in turn depends on whether demand for GM-free soybeans continues. Both aspects of the problem will depend essentially on demand development in Europe, says Koester. Augusto Freire of Cert-ID agrees that 50 percent of this year’s crop will be GM and says that the premium for certified non-GM hipro soybean meal is currently US$ 15, which translates into a US$ 3 premium for compound feed and US$ 0.02 for a 2 kg chicken. 6.5 million tonnes of South American soybeans and soybean meal were certified non-GM in 2006. Demand for ProTerra-certified sustainable soybeans is growing. ProTerra, based on the Basel Criteria for Sustainable Soybean Production, takes into account social and environmental responsibility, including compliance with environmental protection laws, management of agronomic factors, preservation of the ecosystem and adherence to socially responsible practices. Augusto Freire told the B&I Seminar on Soy in Berlin that this year, for example, two Brazilian crushers will monitor 3,000 and 2,000 farms respectively for adherence to the ProTerra standard and 10 percent of these farms will be independently verified by Cert-ID. Specialist offtaker Solteam agrees that the non-GM soy product market has a good future. This French company, established in 2005, focuses exclusively on supplying niche oilseed and protein markets and has formed a partnership with Imcopa. Besides selling non-GM and ProTerra soybean meals, Solteam also markets Imcopa’s new soy protein concentrate. Launched last year, Imcopa now produces around 1,100 tonnes per day. The product, which has 60 percent protein, is produced form hipro soybean meal which has undergone a water/ethanol wash to extract part of its carbohydrate content. Certified to have a maximum GM content of 0.1 percent and fully traceable, this new product is proving popular with manufacturers of aquafeeds, premixes, young animal feeds and petfoods.
BRAZIL PRODUCTION RECORD EXACERBATES STORAGE PROBLEM Global oilseed stocks at the end of the current marketing year are projected at 68.3 million tonnes, an increase due to higher soybean stocks in South America. Soybean stocks for Brazil and Argentina are projected at a record 38.4 million tonnes. Brazil, which is expected to harvest a record soybean crop of 58.2 MMT this year with average yields forecast at 2.8 tonnes per hectare (compared to the 5-year average yield of 2.53 mt/ha) continues to suffer from a lack of storage capacity. USDA notes that soybean storage capacity in Brazil is slowly increasing due to investment by multinationals but many soybeans are still stored in the open on-farm, which leads to loss of both product and quality and makes stock assessment difficult. The majority of soybean stocks are held by cooperatives, processors, or at ports. Brazil’s on-farm capacity is extremely small, and can currently accommodate only about 5 percent of the local crop and although storage space is expanding at all levels, it is not keeping up with production growth, says USDA. The storage deficit is estimated at about 30 percent because farmers have used their profits to buy land rather than investing in on-farm storage. As a result, most farmers are obliged to accept whatever price is offered at harvest time. Global oilseed production for 2007-08 is now forecast by USDA at 399 million tonnes, down 3.8 million tonnes from 2006-07. Next year may therefore see the first year-to-year decline in global oilseed production since 1995-96.
SUSTAINABLE SOY GROUP ELECTS BOARD MEMBERS The Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) held its first General Assembly on May 9-10, 2007 in Sao Paulo, Brazil and elected the following board members:
The General Assembly also confirmed 9 key principles for responsible soybean production as the baseline for the working group which will now develop detailed sustainability criteria. The working group will examine, for example, the impact of increasing soy acreage on biodiversity (deforestation), the social impact on populations in production areas and the sustainability of production methods (use of pesticides, land erosion etc.). The 9 principles that form the basis for this work are:
To date, 51 organisations and companies have joined the RTS as members, including the American Soybean Association (ASA) and the US Soybean Export Council (USSEC). The European Feed Manufacturers Federation (FEFAC) said it was extremely pleased over the nomination of Jan Nicolai, who is Quality Manager at Nutreco, and highlighted the importance of the RTRS for the European feed industry, which uses around 40 million tonnes of imported soybeans and soybean meal each year. FEFAC President Martin Tielen said “I’m convinced that Jan Nicolai has the experience in global sourcing of soybean meal to ensure that the voice of the European Feed Industry be taken into account to reach the targets set by RTRS”.
SHORT COURSE: AQUAFEED EXTRUSION, NUTRITION AND FEED MANAGEMENT A one-week Practical Short Course on Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management will be presented on September 23-28, 2007 at Texas A&M University by staff, industry representatives and consultants. This program will include information on designing new feed mills and selecting conveying, drying, grinding, conditioning and feed mixing equipment. Current practices will be reviewed for processing fullfat soybean meal; recycling fisheries by-products, raw animal products, and secondary resources; extrusion of floating, sinking, and high fat feeds; spraying and coating fats and preservatives; use of encapsulated ingredients and preparation of premixes; nutritional requirements of warm water fish and shrimp; feed management and least cost formulation. Furthermore, practical demonstrations of extruding sinking, floating, and high fat aquafeeds will be given on four major types of extruders - dry, interrupted flight, single and twin screw - using various shaping dies. Other demonstrations will include: vacuum coating and lab analysis of raw materials for extrusion. Reservations are accepted on a first-come basis. For more information, program and application forms, please contact: Dr. Mian N. Riaz |
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The American Soybean Association-International Marketing (ASA-IM) is a non-profit, single commodity organization dedicated to developing markets for U.S. soybeans and soybean products around the world on behalf of U.S. soybean farmers and the U.S. soybean industry. | |||
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